The same system that burns the planet also fuels Israel’s genocidal machine and upholds its colonial regime of illegal occupation and apartheid, reveals a report.

 Groundxero | November 14, 2025

A report, Behind the Barrel: An Update on the Origins of Israel’s Fuel Supply, was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP30) in Belém, Brazil, on Thursday.

The report by Oil Change Internationa revealed that 25 countries sent almost 21.2 million metric tons of both crude and refined oil to Israel between November 1, 2023 and October 1, 2025 while Israel was conducting a campaign of bombing and mass starvation against Gaza that killed over 69,000 people.

“Governments permitted fuel supplies to Israel even after it became clear Israel was committing genocide in Gaza, a finding now backed by a UN commission,” Bronwen Tucker of Oil Change International said in a statement. “States have a moral and legal obligation to end these fuel flows immediately. The same fossil fuel system that drives the climate crisis also drives war, occupation, and genocide,” Tucker added.

In response to the ongoing genocide in Gaza, Oil Change International has published several briefings tracking the supply of crude oil and refined petroleum products to Israel during this period, and issued numerous statements in support of the Palestinian people.

In March 2024, Oil Change International commissioned Data Desk to provide an overview of the supply chains bringing crude oil and refined petroleum products to Israel, with a focus on fuel supplies to the country’s armed forces. A second updated report, examining the responsibility of major oil companies, was published in August 2024.

As world leaders convene at COP30 in Brazil, Oil Change International released its latest report, which reveals the deadly links between fossil fuel suppliers and the genocide in Gaza. The report details the global fuel shipments that fuel Israel’s genocide in Gaza. The report tracked over 21 million tonnes of crude oil and refined fuels delivered to Israel from 25 countries between November 2023 and October 2025, including jet fuel used for military aircrafts.

The data shows that Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and the United States were among the largest suppliers of oil and refined products during this period. While direct shipments from Brazil appeared to end in early 2024, evidence suggests that Brazilian crude may have continued reaching Israel indirectly via Italy’s Sarroch refinery in Sardinia.

Key Findings:

• Twelve countries supplied Israel with crude oil, delivering 171 shipments containing over 17.9 million tonnes during this period (November 1, 2023, to October 1, 2025).

• Seventeen countries supplied Israel with 152 shipments of refined petroleum products totaling almost 3.3 million tonnes. 

• Azerbaijan (via Turkey) and Kazakhstan (via Russia) supplied around 70% of crude oil.

• Russia was the largest supplier of refined petroleum products, accounting for 45% of volumes shipped during the period.

• The United States was the only supplier of JP-8 military jet fuel used by Israeli military aircrafts.

• Other crude suppliers included Brazil, Gabon, and Nigeria. Refined fuels also came from Greece, Italy, and Cyprus.

These countries continued to ship fossil fuels to Israel even after the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled in July 2024 that Israel’s actions are unlawful, and a UN Commission  concluded in September 2025 that Israel has committed genocide in the Gaza Strip. The UN’s Independent International Commission called on member states to “cease the transfer of arms and other equipment or items, including jet fuel, to the State of Israel or third States where there is reason to suspect their use in military operations that have involved or could involve the commission of genocide.”

In October 2025, the Secretary General of Amnesty International, Agnes Callamard, said of the ceasefire agreed, “A ceasefire doesn’t mean the end of genocide, unlawful occupation or apartheid.” By supporting Israeli military operations these states risk becoming complicit in the Gaza genocide under international law under the Genocide Convention.

“A genocide needs media complicity, government complicity, weapons, funding, but it also needs oil to keep operating, and we need to stop that oil from flowing there,” said Leandro Lanfredi, Rio de Janeiro director of the National Federation of Oil Workers Brasil, during a press briefing unveiling the report at COP30.

Mohammed Usrof, executive director of the Palestinian Institute for Climate Strategy, urged States to impose a full energy embargo on Israel and close the legal loopholes that make complicity profitable, saying “Behind every barrel of oil is a trace of blood and behind every shipment is a logistic of genocide. Usrof said: “Behind the Barrel confirms what Palestinians  and climate justice movements have long said: Fossil fuel supply chains are weapons of war. Governments and corporations that continue to trade oil, diesel, and jet fuel with Israel—even through intermediaries—are enabling genocide.”

The speakers during the release of the report also called out the hypocrisy of nations who try to present themselves as climate leaders while facilitating those shipments. They held up the example of workers in Italy who conducted general strikes in solidarity with Gaza, and stressed on the need of a growing workers’ movement worldwide for an energy embargo in support of the Palestinian people. “We don’t want any single drop of oil to get to Israel,” said one campaigner.

Ana Sánchez, general coordinator for the Global Energy Embargo for Palestine, best summed up the reality, when he said: “The fossil fuel industry lies at the core of today’s global crisis, driving climate collapse, militarization, and genocide. The same system that burns the planet also fuels Israel’s genocidal machine and upholds its colonial regime of illegal occupation and apartheid.”

The report by Oil Change International concludes by stating that states that have supplied Israel with fuel during this period have done so in full knowledge of its atrocities on Palestinians. It said that their complicity has been documented to hold these states accountable for their actions.

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